What is the process called that leads to the gradual replacement of one ecosystem by another following a disturbance?

The process that leads to the gradual replacement of one ecosystem by another following a disturbance is known as succession. This ecological concept describes how ecosystems change and develop over time, particularly after a disturbance such as a fire, flood, or human activity.

Succession occurs in two main forms: primary succession, which takes place in lifeless areas where soil is not yet present (like after a volcanic eruption), and secondary succession, which occurs in areas where an ecosystem has been disturbed but soil and some organisms still exist (like after a forest fire).

During succession, the community of organisms changes as different species establish themselves, grow, reproduce, and sometimes die out, paving the way for other species. This leads to increased biodiversity and often results in a more complex and stable ecosystem. The final stage of succession in a given area is known as the climax community, where the ecosystem achieves a stable state.

Understanding succession is crucial in biology as it illustrates the dynamic nature of ecosystems and their ability to recover from disturbances over time.